ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibilities of food-borne Aeromonas to carbapenems, as well as to investigate the presence of a metallo carbapenemase-encoding gene, named cphA. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined following NCCLS standards. All the tested microorganisms were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and biapenem. However, a strong inoculum size effect on carbapenem MICs was observed for most of the strains. Six strains, out of seven, showed the presence of metallo--beta-lactamases but cphA gene was detected in only two strains of A. veronii bv. sobria.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a suscetibilidade de aeromonas de origem alimentar a carbapenems bem como investigar a presença de um gene codificante de metalocarbapenemase, denominado "cph A". A suscetibilidade in vitro foi determinada pelo metodo de diluição em agar. Todas as cepas foram suscetíveis a Imipenem, Meropenem e Biapenem. Porém foi observado um forte efeito de tamanho do inóculo sobre as CIM das carbapenems na maioria das cepas. A detecção de metalo-beta-lactamase foi realizada pelo metodo lodometrico. Seis cepas das sete testadas demostraron a presença da enzima. A presença do gene cphA foi determinada por PCR e foi detectada em duas cepas de A veronii bv. sobria.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. La leche materna es la mejor alimentación para neonatos y lactantes. México tiene una tasa de lactancia exclusiva de 33.6%. Objetivo. Conocer la prevalencia de lactancia materna e identificar factores que favorecen su práctica y abandono. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo, de cohorte, analítico, en binomios madre-hijo con seguimiento de 6 meses. Se investigó: tipo de alimentación, motivos de abandono de lactancia materna exclusiva. Se aplicaron medidas de tendencia central: X², prueba exacta de Fisher y t de Student. Resultados. Completaron seguimiento 111; 75 (67.6%) con lactancia materna exclusiva, 32 (28.8%) con lactancia mixta, y 4 (3.6%) con sucedáneos. En el grupo con escolaridad de 0 a 6 años se encontró un riesgo relativo de 1.29, intervalo de confianza de 1.09, 1.84, P =0.11 (prueba exacta de Fisher). Conclusiones. Prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva: 67.6%. Causa de abandono: producción baja. Única variable significativa para lactar exclusivamente al seno materno y permanecer en el seguimiento: escolaridad 0 a 6 años.
Introduction. Breast milk is the best feeding source for newborns and infants. Mexico has a 33.6% rate of exclusively breastfeeding. Objective: to evaluate the impact of rooming in on the prevalence of breastfeeding and identify the elements that encourage its practice and abandonment. Material and methods. Prospective, cohort, analytical, study in mother-infant pair study with a 6 month follow-up. We analyzed the type of feeding, reasons for changing or abandoning breastfeeding; we applied: central tendency measurements, %², Fisher's exact and t of Student. Results. In 111 completed follow-up, 75 infants (67.6%) remained exclusively on breast milk, 32 (28.8%) mixed feeding and 4 (3.6%) with proprietary formulas. In the group with 0 to 6 years of schooling we found a RR: 1.29, IC: 1.01, 1.64, P =0.11 [Fisher's exact]. Conclusions. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding: 67.6%. Cause of abandonment: low milk production. The only significant variable, for lactating breast milk exclusively and remain in the follow-up was schooling 0 to 6 years.
ABSTRACT
The pathogenic mechanisms of immunosuppression leading to susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) infection in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) are not clear. To address this issue, we measured the proliferative response, variation of T cell subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, TCR-V delta 2 and TCR-V beta 8 T cells) and the cytokine profile (IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) after MT stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a patient with concomitant CML and active pulmonary tuberculosis. The results were compared to four patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and no other coexistent diseases. The immunologic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was also evaluated. In contrast to controls, the CML PBMC failed to proliferate in response to MT antigens. Mycobacterium-reactive CD4+, V delta 2 and V beta 8 T cells did not expand after MT stimulation of the CML PBMC. In MT antigens-stimulated cultures from the CML patient, IL-2 was not produced and mild reduction of IL-1 beta and INF-gamma were observed. In contrast, IL-10 was markedly elevated in these cultures. Similarly, PHA-stimulated PBMC from the CML patient showed no expansion of CD4+ and CD8+. T cells. In these cell cultures, INF-gamma concentration in supernatants was decreased and IL-10 was significantly elevated. This study suggests that patients with CML may present a profound immunosuppression of essential cellular and molecular immune effectors, a scenario which might contribute to the development of active tuberculosis. These findings further support the need of establishing immunotherapeutic modalities with potential value for myeloproliferative disorders.